Local Analgesics

Caudal epidural analgesia in calves using different local analgesics

Analgesic effects were conducted with 2% lignocaine hydrochloride (LH), 2% lignocaine hydrochloride with adrenaline (LHA) and 0.5% bupivacaine hydrochloride (BH) in calves of both sexes. Analgesic drugs were injected into caudal epidural space in 30 apparently healthy calves of below one year of age. A total of 30 analgesic trials were done, where heart rate, respiration rate and rectal tempera...

Opioid Analgesics

Intensive research on the neurobiology of pain over the past two decades has revealed many receptors, ion channels and enzymes with potential as novel targets for development of a new generation of analgesic agents. However, despite large investment in preclinical and clinical development of small molecules and biologics as potential novel pain therapeutics, very few have reached the clinic. He...

Topical analgesics.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Pain treatment involves the usage of common and opioid analgesics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and adjuvant analgesics. Traditionally, these drugs are administered systemically or into the neuraxis. However, when analgesics are applied through these pathways, they are associated with significant side effects, which can hinder its use. Topical administ...

Analgesics and kidney disease.

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) recently issued a report stating that 'combinations of antipyretic analgesics, taken in large doses over a prolonged period, cause a specific form of kidney disease and chronic renal failure.' This hypothesis has been widely held for many years. The NIH report may faithfully describe the consensus in medicine today, but it is not informative about what is...

Opioid and Nonopioid Analgesics